关于__new__()的用法参考:
http://www.myhack58.com/Article/68/2014/48183.htm
正文:
一、__new__()的用法:
__new__()是在新式类中新出现的方法,它作用在构造方法建造实例之前,可以这么理解,在Python 中 存在于类里面的构造方法__init__()负责将类的实例化,而在__init__()启动之前,__new__()决定是否 要使用该__init__()方法,因为__new__()可以调用其他类的构造方法或者直接返回别的对象来作为本类 的实例。
# encoding:utf-8class A(object): def __new__(cls, x): print 'this is in A.__new__, and x is ', x return super(A, cls).__new__(cls) def __init__(self, y): print 'this is in A.__init__, and y is ', yclass C(object): def __new__(cls, n): print 'this is in C.__new__, and n is ', n return super(C, cls).__new__(cls) def __init__(self, a): print 'this is in C.__init__, and a is ', aclass B(A): def __new__(cls, z): print 'this is in B.__new__, and z is ', z return A.__new__(cls, z) def __init__(self, m): print 'this is in B.__init__, and m is ', m# class B(A):# def __new__(cls, z):# print 'this is in B.__new__, and z is ', z# return object.__new__(cls)# def __init__(self, m):# print 'this is ni B.__init__, and m is ', mif __name__ == '__main__': a = A(100) print '=' * 20 b = B(200) print type(b)
执行的结果为:
this is in A.__new__, and x is 100this is in A.__init__, and y is 100====================this is in B.__new__, and z is 200this is in A.__new__, and x is 200this is in B.__init__, and m is 200
说明:
1.定义A类作为下面类的父类,A类继承object类,因为需要重写A类的__new__()函数,所以需要继承object基类,成为新式类,经典类没有__new__()函数;
2.子类在重写__new__()函数时,写return时必须返回有继承关系的类的__new__()函数调用,即上面代码中的B类继承自A类,则重写B类的__new__()函数,写return时,只能返回A.__new__(cls)或者object.__new__(cls),不能返回C类的;
3.由注释掉的代码执行结果可以看出,B类虽然继承自A类,但是如果没有重写B类的__new__()函数,则默认继承的仍是object基类的__new__(),而不是A的;
4.B类的__new__()函数会在B类实例化时被调用,自动执行其中的代码语句,但是重写__new__()函数不会影响类的实例化结果,也就是说不管写return时返回的是A的还是object的,B类的实例化对象就是B类的,而不会成为A类的实例化对象;只是在实例化时,如果返回的是A.__new__(cls),则会执行A类中定义的__new__()函数;
5.__new__()函数确定了类的参数的个数,object类默认定义的__new__()函数的参数为(cls, *more),但如果在子类中重写了__new__(cls, x), 则实例化类时,需要传入一个x参数,而__init__()函数接受到的有两个参数,一个是实例化生成的实例对象self代替,一个是传入的实参x的值;
>>> >>> class A(object): def __init__(self, x): self.x = x print '__init__ called.' def foo(self): print self.x >>> >>> a = A('123')__init__ called.>>> >>> a.foo()123>>>
在A('123')实例化类时,自动调用__init__()方法定义的self.x = x和print '__init__ called.',我们能看到‘__init__ called.’被打印,看不到self.x = x的执行,但是在调用a.foo()时,能执行成功,就是拜self.x = x的功能所赐;因为如果没有__init__()方法中的self.x = x,实例对象将无法追溯到foo()函数中的self.x是从哪里来的,从而会报错;也就是在__init__()函数中将外部传入的参数x赋值给self.x,从而是self.x在类A中畅行无阻;
三.__call__()的用法
__call__()方法能够让类的实例对象,像函数一样被调用;
>>> >>> class A(object): def __call__(self, x): print '__call__ called, print x: ', x >>> >>> a = A()>>> a('123')__call__ called, print x: 123>>>
看a('123')这是函数的调用方法,这里a实际上是类对象A的实例对象,实例对象能想函数一样传参并被调用,就是__call__()方法的功能;
四、__del__()的用法
如果__new__()和__init__()函数时类的构造函数(即在类实例化时自动执行函数中定义的内容),那么__del__()是类的析构函数,是python垃圾回收机制的实际应用,当类的所有引用都被删除后,该类就会被系统从内存中删除,注意是所有的引用都被删除哦,而不是每一次删除;
>>> class D(object): def __init__(self): print 'this is D.__init__()' def __del__(self): print 'this is D.__del__()' >>> >>> d = D()this is D.__init__()>>> >>> d2 = d>>> d3 = d>>> >>> del d>>> del d2>>> del d3this is D.__del__()>>>
将D()实例化对象赋值给d,后d2,d3都是指向D()的这次实例化对象,删除d和d2的引用都不会触发__del__()函数,最后一个d3的引用被删除,就会触发__del__(),此时D()的这一次实例化的对象就被清除;
最后:
用一段简单的代码,来总体感受一下三个方法的用法和区别:
>>> >>> class A(object): def __init__(self, x): print 'x in __init__', x def __new__(cls, y): print 'y in __new__', y return super(A, cls).__new__(cls) def __call__(self, z): print 'z in __call__', z def __del__(self): print 'this is in A.__del__()' >>> >>> A('123')('abc')y in __new__ 123x in __init__ 123z in __call__ abcthis is in A.__del__()>>>
由执行结果可以看出,虽然__init__()方法定义在__new__()方法之前,但是结果中先展示了__new__()方法的执行结果;